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CBI Regulatory Updates

Central Bank of Ireland

Ireland's central bank and financial services regulator.

🇮🇪 Ireland 141 updates Last updated: 30 March 2026
🇮🇪 CBI News

Central Bank of Ireland launches commemorative coin honouring playwright Seán O'Casey

Central Bank of Ireland today launched a commemorative coin celebrating the life and work of renowned Irish playwright Seán O'Casey, on what would have been his 146 th birthday. It marks the 100th anniversary of the inaugural performance of his masterpiece The Plough and the Stars at the Abbey Theatre. The silver proof coin will go on sale today (Monday 30 March 2026) at 1pm on www.collectorcoins.ie . Designed by PJ Lynch, there are just 3,000 coins available, and they will retail at €90. Gov...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductReporting & DisclosureAuthorisation & Licensing
BankWealth ManagerAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI News low

Central Bank Appointments

The Central Bank Commission has appointed Elizabeth Mahon as Secretary of the Central Bank, effective 30 March. Elizabeth has also been appointed to the role of Head of Governance in the Central Bank. Elizabeth has more than 20 years' experience in financial services, principally in the banking sector, where her career has focused on strategy and implementation, management consulting, organisational change, and stakeholder management. Since 2022 she has worked at the Central Bank as Head of S...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsSenior Managers / GovernanceAuthorisation & Licensing
BankWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI News medium

Governor Gabriel Makhlouf Calls for Genuine Single Market to Mobilise Europe’s Savings

Governor Gabriel Makhlouf of the Central Bank of Ireland today emphasised the critical need to strengthen Europe’s Single Market as the foundation for mobilising the continent’s substantial savings in an increasingly fragmented global environment.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementCapital Markets & Trading
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsConsumer Protection / ConductMarket Abuse / Surveillance
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech

Bridge to the Future: Mobilising Europe's Savings in a Fragmenting World - Speech by Governor Gabriel Makhlouf at Eurofi

In his remarks, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf emphasised that Europe must mobilise its substantial savings by strengthening economic growth, completing the Single Market, and building more integrated capital markets, as capital currently flows abroad due to perceived higher returns elsewhere. He argued that central banks must anchor price stability and financial stability as preconditions for effective capital allocation, and that by addressing these fundamentals, European savings will naturally ...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementCapital Markets & Trading
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsConsumer Protection / ConductTechnology & Cyber
BankAsset ManagerBroker Dealer
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🇮🇪 CBI News high

Quarterly Bulletin No.1 2026: Renewed surge in international energy prices tests domestic economic resilience

Renewed surge in international energy prices tests domestic economic resilience Higher oil and gas prices are expected to lead to lower growth and higher inflation than previously expected. The extent is dependent on the duration of the conflict and the scale of damage to critical infrastructure in the Middle East. MDD is forecast to grow by 2.8 per cent per annum on average from 2026 to 2028 in the baseline forecast, with inflation averaging 2.5 per cent per annum over that period. More seve...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingESG
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement high

Remarks by Deputy Governor Colm Kincaid to Central Bank of Ireland’s Consumer Protection Workshop – Consumer Protection at the Heart of Our Mission

Good afternoon and welcome to this Central Bank of Ireland workshop on the Consumer Protection Code. Today I will focus on the outlook for consumers and investors. But first let me pause to talk a little about the broader context in which we find ourselves. We are living through a period marked by extraordinary change, geopolitical instability, rapid technological transformation and shifting economic conditions. Governor Makhlouf summarised this well when he said how 2026 has already seen ext...

AI Analysis

Deputy Governor Colm Kincaid's speech on 24 March 2026 emphasizes consumer protection as central to the Central Bank of Ireland's (CBI) mission amid geopolitical, technological, and economic changes, highlighting the revised **Consumer Protection Code 2025** (CPC 2025) as a key modernization effort. This matters for compliance professionals because the CPC 2025 introduces enhanced, digitally-focused protections effective **24 March 2026**, replacing the 2012 Code after a 12-month implementation period, with firms required to proactively secure customer interests.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInsurance & PensionsPayments & E-MoneyConsumer CreditMortgage & Lending
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductOperational Resilience / OutsourcingTechnology & Cyber
BankInsurancePayment Provider
All Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Warning medium

How the Consumer Protection Code Secures Your Interests

The Central Bank of Ireland today (Tuesday 24 March 2026) marked the coming into force of the modernised Consumer Protection Code, giving consumers stronger protections when using banks, insurance companies, and other financial services. The modernised Code has been designed to better protect consumers in today’s world, and in anticipation of how financial services will evolve into the future. It follows extensive public consultation and engagement. Deputy Governor Colm Kincaid said: "The Cen...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInsurance & PensionsConsumer Credit
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductOperational Resilience / OutsourcingReporting & Disclosure
BankInsuranceAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI News high

What the (latest) Middle East conflict means for inflation, growth, and monetary policy in Europe

In his latest blog Governor Gabriel Makhlouf explains that the Governing Council held rates steady at 2 per cent due to new geopolitical uncertainty from Middle East tensions, which risk pushing energy prices and headline inflation above the 2 per cent target whilst dampening growth. The Bank will monitor inflation expectations and wage dynamics closely to prevent the energy shock from becoming embedded in persistent above-target inflation, as occurred after the Ukraine crisis.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingESG
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech

Opening Statement by Colm Kincaid, Deputy Governor of Central Bank of Ireland at the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Finance, Public Expenditure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation, and Taoiseach

Role of Non-Bank Entities in the Irish Housing Market regarding residential mortgages Go raibh maith agat a Chathaoirligh agus gabhaim buíochas leis an gcoiste as ucht an cuireadh a bheith anseo inniú. I am joined by my colleagues Domhnall Cullinan, Director of Banking and Payments, and Aisling Menton, Head of Retail Credit and we welcome the opportunity to continue this important discussion on the role of non-bank entities in the Irish mortgage market. As outlined in updated figures we publi...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditMortgage & Lending
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductPrudential / Capital Requirements
BankFintechAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Warning medium

Remarks by Gerry Cross, Director of Capital Markets & Funds - CASP Industry Briefing

Introduction Good morning. I am delighted to welcome you to Central Bank of Ireland today as part of our continued engagement with the crypto sector. This time last year we hosted an industry briefing focused on the path to success in the authorisation of Crypto-Asset Service Providers (CASPs). It has been a very active 12 months, and today I see many of you in the room from newly authorised CASPs who have come through the process successfully. This morning’s event is an excellent opportunity...

Sectors:
Crypto & Digital Assets
Topics:
Authorisation & LicensingOperational Resilience / OutsourcingConsumer Protection / Conduct
Crypto ExchangeFintech
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement high

“Regulating with purpose – outcomes-focused regulation and supervision, a practitioner’s perspective” – Remarks by Deputy Governor McMunn at Outcomes-focused Regulation in Financial Services conference, University College Dublin (UCD)

Good morning everyone, I am delighted to be here for what looks set to be an interesting conference on a topic which is both very close to my heart and central to what we do at Central Bank of Ireland (“the Central Bank”) – as we work to deliver on our mission, and in particular ensuring the financial system is operating in the best interests of consumers and the wider economy. 1 I am particularly delighted to be back in UCD – where I had the pleasure to study economics as an undergraduate, w...

AI Analysis

This speech by Deputy Governor Mary Elizabeth McMunn outlines the Central Bank of Ireland's (CBI) shift toward **outcomes-focused regulation and supervision**, emphasizing five key priorities from the 2026 Regulatory and Supervisory Outlook (RSO) to address geopolitical risks, consumer protection, technology, and resilience in a volatile environment. It matters for compliance professionals as it signals intensified CBI scrutiny on firm behaviors and outcomes rather than mere rule compliance, with direct implications for supervisory engagements, thematic reviews, and enforcement across banking, funds, insurance, and payments sectors.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditCapital Markets & TradingInsurance & Pensions
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductOperational Resilience / OutsourcingTechnology & Cyber
BankAsset ManagerInsurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Consultation medium

Central Bank of Ireland Launches Discussion Paper on Tokenisation and Distributed Ledger Technology in Financial Services

Central Bank of Ireland today published a Discussion Paper examining the potential role of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and tokenisation in the financial system . Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros, commenting on the publication, said: “Distributed ledger technology and tokenisation have the potential to transform how financial services are delivered. We believe this technology, if enabled and deployed correctly, can change the financial system for the better, including by helping the ...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) has launched Discussion Paper 12 (DP12) on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and tokenisation in financial services to explore their transformative potential in areas like markets, funds, payments, and money, while assessing opportunities, risks, and enablers such as legal clarity and interoperability. This matters for compliance professionals as it signals CBI's proactive stance on integrating these technologies into a resilient financial system, aligning with EU ambitions like the Savings and Investment Union, and invites stakeholder input to shape future policy without proposing immediate rules. (Source: https://www.centralbank.ie/news/article/press-release-discussion-paper-tokenisation-and-distributed-ledger-technology-in-financial-services-5-march-26 [publication]; https://www.arthurcox.com/insights/central-bank-issues-discussion-paper-on-dlt-tokenisation-in-financial-services/ )

Sectors:
Investment ManagementCapital Markets & TradingCrypto & Digital AssetsPayments & E-Money
Topics:
Technology & CyberOperational Resilience / OutsourcingAuthorisation & Licensing
Asset ManagerBankFintech
Payment ProviderCrypto Exchange
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🇮🇪 CBI Warning high

Central Bank welcomes publication of OECD Consumer Finance Risk Monitor

New OECD report highlights financial scams as top threat to consumers globally Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland Colm Kincaid welcomed the publication of the OECD’s Consumer Finance Risk Monitor 2026 , a comprehensive global assessment examining consumer protection challenges across 60 international jurisdictions. Deputy Governor Kincaid emphasised the need for strengthened oversight as structural economic, technological and market-conduct risks converge to significantly elevate ...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditConsumer CreditPayments & E-Money
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductTechnology & Cyber
BankFintechPayment Provider
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement high

Central Bank sets out its regulatory and supervisory priorities against the backdrop of geoeconomic shifts and accelerating technological changes that are reshaping the financial system

The Central Bank has today published its Regulatory & Supervisory Outlook 2026 , which sets out its latest assessment of the risk landscape facing the financial sector and the supervisory work it will undertake in response. This follows on from the Governor’s letter to the Tánaiste on the economic outlook and regulatory priorities in January . This is the third year of the report, which continues to be set against a backdrop of a changing, uncertain and increasingly complex external environme...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) has published its **Regulatory & Supervisory Outlook 2026**, outlining priorities shaped by geoeconomic fragmentation, technological acceleration, and elevated risks like operational resilience, cyber threats, data/AI, and consumer protection. This matters for compliance professionals as it signals intensified supervisory scrutiny, including desktop and onsite inspections, across Ireland's financial sector to ensure resilience and adaptability amid uncertainties.[https://www.centralbank.ie/news/article/press-release-central-bank-sets-out-its-regulatory-and-supervisory-priorities-26-february-2026][https://www.ogier.com/news-and-insights/insights/regulatory-outlook-2026-the-central-bank-of-ireland-s-priorities-explained/]

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementInsurance & Pensions
Topics:
Operational Resilience / OutsourcingConsumer Protection / ConductTechnology & Cyber
BankAsset ManagerAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

Central Bank of Ireland publishes first access to cash report

The Central Bank of Ireland has today (24 February) published its first quarterly Access to Cash report . The Finance (Provision of Access to Cash Infrastructure) Act 2025 has put in place a framework to ensure sufficient and effective access to cash across the State. Today’s report uses newly collected data to show the number, location and opening hours of ATMs and cash service points across eight geographical regions in Ireland, as of 31 December 2025. The Minister for Finance set the acces...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditPayments & E-Money
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductReporting & Disclosure
BankPayment Provider
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech

Central Bank Independence is an anchor for stability, not a shield - Makhlouf

Gabriel Makhlouf, Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, today delivered a keynote address at the Blavatnik School of Government, outlining the critical role of central bank independence in delivering price stability and supporting economic prosperity for society. Speaking on “Institutions, Anchors, and Their Discontents: The Role of Central Banks”, Governor Makhlouf highlighted how central bank independence, underpinned by clear mandates and robust accountability frameworks, enables moneta...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingAuthorisation & Licensing
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Institutions, Anchors, and Their Discontents: The Role of Central Banks - Speech by Governor Gabriel Makhlouf to Blavatnik School of Government

It is a pleasure to be here in Oxford 1 While I’m aware that this is a school of government and I’m a central banker, the two are inextricably linked. Societies and indeed economies are shaped by their institutions, specifically the legal, social, cultural, formal and informal norms that impact the way citizens interact with each other. Successful institutions are those that are trusted by the societies that created them and for which they ultimately serve. Today I am going to resist the oppo...

AI Analysis

Governor Gabriel Makhlouf's speech at the Blavatnik School of Government addresses central bank independence as a foundational institutional mechanism for delivering price stability and economic prosperity, rather than as a shield from accountability. The speech is not a regulatory enforcement action or new requirement, but rather a governance statement clarifying the Central Bank of Ireland's institutional philosophy on independence, credibility, and accountability—matters that directly affect how the CBI exercises supervisory discretion over regulated firms.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditCapital Markets & TradingPayments & E-Money
Topics:
Senior Managers / GovernanceOperational Resilience / OutsourcingPrudential / Capital Requirements
BankAsset ManagerPayment Provider
All Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

Increasing investment sustainably is key for Irish economy - Central Bank of Ireland Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros

Central Bank of Ireland Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros spoke at Technological University Dublin on the need to increase domestic investment over the next decade to support Ireland’s long-term economic success. Looking back, Deputy Governor Madouros discussed how, despite very strong economic growth, investment in key domestic sectors has been relatively subdued over the past decade. Looking ahead, like many other countries, Ireland is facing profound economic and societal shifts in years ...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
ESGPrudential / Capital RequirementsReporting & Disclosure
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

Enabling a decade of higher investment – Speech by Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros at TU Dublin

Over the course of the next decade, we will need to allocate more of our collective resources towards domestic investment. 1 In part, that is because of where we are coming from. Despite very strong economic growth in recent years, investment in key domestic sectors has been lacklustre. But it is also because of where are going. Ireland, like many other countries, is facing profound structural transitions. Navigating these will require additional investment in the years ahead. Raising Ireland...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingESG
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Reinforcing Resilience, Responding to Change: Priorities for the Year Ahead - Speech by Governor Gabriel Makhlouf to Head of EU Missions

I would like to welcome you all to the Central Bank of Ireland today 1 . We are delighted to host this gathering of EU Heads of Missions, representatives of our friends and partners from across the EU. A little over a year ago I had the pleasure to meet with you all. I spoke then of a geopolitical landscape facing significant strain and complexity; of the rise of economic nationalism and trade disputes; as well as the shift from cooperation to competition, and its impact on our ability to mee...

AI Analysis

This speech by Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) Governor Gabriel Makhlouf outlines priorities for building economic and financial resilience amid geopolitical risks, climate change, technological shifts, and geoeconomic fragmentation, emphasizing domestic policy focus areas like infrastructure, indigenous business growth, and fiscal buffers. It matters for compliance professionals as it previews CBI's forthcoming 2026 regulatory and supervisory priorities, signaling heightened scrutiny on operational and financial resilience, consumer protection, and alignment with a transforming regulatory framework. https://www.centralbank.ie/news/article/speech-governor-makhlouf-head-eu-missions-10-February-2026

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementInsurance & Pensions
Topics:
Operational Resilience / OutsourcingPrudential / Capital RequirementsSenior Managers / Governance
BankAsset ManagerInsurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech high

Building economic resilience is not optional - Central Bank of Ireland Governor Gabriel Makhlouf

The Central Bank of Ireland has set out its regulatory and supervisory priorities for 2026 and provided detailed advice to Government on building economic resilience in the face of unprecedented uncertainty. In his letter to the Tánaiste and Minister for Finance Simon Harris, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf set out his views on the macro-financial environment, the financial services landscape and the Central Bank of Ireland’s financial regulation priorities for the year ahead . Governor Makhlouf em...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingESG
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI News medium

A Steady Hand: why the Governing Council held rates at 2 per cent this week

In his latest blog, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf explains why the Governing Council kept its main policy interest rate (the deposit facility rate) unchanged at 2% for the fifth consecutive time since June 2025.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsConsumer Protection / ConductReporting & Disclosure
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Speech

The role of economics during times of major change

In his latest blog, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf argues that economists must adapt their analytical frameworks and expand their focus beyond traditional topics to address emerging challenges—such as geopolitical upheaval and defence spending—in order to provide robust evidence-based policy advice that serves the public interest.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingTechnology & Cyber
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI News low

Central Bank of Ireland completes sale of Spencer Dock (East Wing) building to the Office of Public Works

Central Bank of Ireland has successfully completed the sale of its Spencer Dock (East Wing) building to the Office of Public Works for €23.7m. The sale of Spencer Dock was a key element of the Central Bank’s longer term property strategy aligned to our decision to develop a single Dockland Campus through the purchase of our North Wall Quay building and subsequent purchase of our Mayor Street building. This sale of the East Wing, to Office of Public Works on 22 January 2026, follows the earlie...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingReporting & Disclosure
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI News

Central Bank of Ireland and Banca d’Italia launch first joint Innovation Data Challenge

Central Bank of Ireland and Banca d’Italia are launching the Innovation Data Challenge 2026, a joint initiative designed to foster cutting-edge research and innovation in the retail payments sector. The Challenge reflects the shared commitment of the two Institutions to promoting applied research, international collaboration, and the responsible use of data and technology to shape the future of payments. The initiative brings together leading Irish and Italian universities, including Universi...

Sectors:
Payments & E-Money
Topics:
Technology & CyberAuthorisation & Licensing
FintechPayment Provider
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Speech by Gerry Cross, Director, Capital Markets and Funds, Central Bank of Ireland at Compliance Institute AGM - Supervising for success: some themes for a time of change

Introduction Good morning and thank you to Michael for inviting me to speak at the Compliance Institute’s Annual General Meeting. It is always a real pleasure to engage with compliance professionals. At the Central Bank, we recognise the essential role played by the compliance community in ensuring that financial firms are well-run and contributing to a financial system that is trusted and resilient. We also recognise the important role played by the compliance institute, equipping those work...

AI Analysis

This speech by Gerry Cross, Director of Capital Markets and Funds at the Central Bank of Ireland (CBI), outlines key supervisory priorities including securing customers' interests via the revised Consumer Protection Code, Individual Accountability Framework (IAF) implementation, regulatory simplification, resilience, technology leverage, and an evolving outcomes-focused supervision approach. It matters because it signals CBI's expectations for compliance professionals to drive these outcomes in firms, emphasizing proportionality and ongoing engagement amid regulatory evolution. Compliance teams must integrate these themes to align with CBI's shift toward less process-driven, more effective oversight.

Sectors:
Investment ManagementCapital Markets & TradingBanking & Credit
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductSenior Managers / GovernanceOperational Resilience / Outsourcing
Asset ManagerBankAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Warning high

Central Bank of Ireland Issues Warning on Unauthorised Firm – Fraudulent entity clones details of Irish registered company, Solunar Finance Holdings Limited

Solunar Finance Holdings Limited (Clone) – Central Bank of Ireland Issues Warning on Unauthorised Firm

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductAuthorisation & LicensingOperational Resilience / Outsourcing
BankWealth ManagerFintech
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI News

“The Year That Was and Will Be”

In this, his final blog for 2025, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf reflects on Ireland and the euro area’s economic performance and looks ahead to 2026, drawing on the Quarterly Bulletin and latest eurosystem staff projections published this week.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsReporting & DisclosureESG
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI News medium

Quarterly Bulletin 2025:4 Prudent ambition needed as multinational investment underpins more positive growth outlook

MDD is projected to grow by just below 4 per cent in 2025. From 2026 to 2028, MDD is forecast to grow at an annual average rate of 2.9 per cent per annum. More positive momentum in MNE investment amid lower uncertainty contrasts with slower pace of growth in domestic sectors and cooling of the labour market as drag from capacity constraints becomes evident. Outlook for slightly higher overall inflation, as underlying services price growth more persistent at a higher rate than pre-pandemic. Th...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingESG
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement high

Public statement relating to Enforcement Action between Central Bank of Ireland and Philip Smith

Mr Philip Smith, former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Executive Director of RSA Insurance Ireland DAC disqualified for 13 years by the Central Bank of Ireland for his admitted participation in a breach of financial services law by RSAII On 1 December 2025 the Central Bank of Ireland reprimanded Mr Smith and disqualified him for 13 years from being a person concerned in the management of a regulated financial service provider for his participation in a breach by RSA Insurance Ireland DAC (...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) reprimanded and disqualified former RSA Insurance Ireland DAC (RSAII) CEO Philip Smith for 13 years from management roles in regulated financial service providers due to his admitted role in under-reserving large loss claims, breaching Article 13(1)(a) of the European Communities (Non-Life Insurance) Framework Regulations 1994 (S.I. No. 359/1994). This enforcement action underscores CBI's commitment to individual accountability for senior executives who circumvent controls, risking policyholder protection and firm solvency, as evidenced by RSAII's subsequent need for a major capital injection. It matters for compliance professionals as it demonstrates CBI's use of prolonged disqualifications and inquiries under the Administrative Sanctions Procedure (ASP) to deter governance failures in insurance firms.

Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Senior Managers / GovernanceConsumer Protection / Conduct
InsuranceAll Firms
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Speech

Economic Resilience: What Next? – Speech by Governor Gabriel Makhlouf at The Royal Irish Academy

Good evening. Thank you for the invitation to join you today. This evening I want to talk about economic resilience, what it is and whether we have enough of it. I spoke about economic resilience in my first speech as Governor – 6 years ago – and wrote to the Minister for Finance about it in early February this year. After everything that’s happened since February, it feels timely to take stock of where we are. My conclusion is that we need to give it greater focus. Let me start by setting ou...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingESG
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement high

Central Bank of Ireland publishes roadmap to deliver a more effective and efficient regulatory framework

New report outlines the Central Bank’s approach to more effective and efficient regulatory and supervisory framework, reducing complexity and improving clarity while maintaining resilience and important protections in the system. This work builds on the Central Bank’s strategy to transform regulation and supervision, including the introduction of our new integrated supervisory approach and the improvements made in our gatekeeping processes in recent years. The roadmap sets out a comprehensive...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland published a comprehensive multi-year roadmap on December 10, 2025, aimed at streamlining its regulatory and supervisory framework across four pillars: supervision, regulation, gatekeeping, and reporting. This initiative represents a strategic shift toward more effective and efficient oversight while explicitly maintaining resilience standards and consumer protections, responding to EU calls for regulatory reform to enhance competitiveness.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementInsurance & Pensions
Topics:
Authorisation & LicensingOperational Resilience / OutsourcingReporting & Disclosure
BankAsset ManagerInsurance
All Firms
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Speech

Remarks at the Climate Risk and Sustainable Finance Forum – Governor Gabriel Makhlouf

Good morning and welcome everyone. I am delighted to address the eighth meeting of this Forum. When the Forum was established three years ago, the goal was to bring together participants from across Ireland to build a shared approach to understanding and managing the systemic risks that climate change poses, while supporting the orderly transition of households and businesses to the net zero objective that we’re all familiar with. The Forum has come a long way in those three years. We have es...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
ESGPrudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / Outsourcing
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI News

The Digital Euro: shaping the future while preserving trust

In this blog, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf writes about the development of the Digital Euro and how central banks foster trust and safety in the financial system and in the implementation of projects like the Digital Euro.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditPayments & E-MoneyCrypto & Digital Assets
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductPrudential / Capital RequirementsTechnology & Cyber
BankFintechCrypto Exchange
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Consultation high

Central Bank of Ireland launches Access to Cash consultation

The Central Bank of Ireland has today (5 December) launched a public consultation on the implementation of our new Access to Cash responsibilities. Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros said: “Amid a rapidly evolving payments landscape, the Central Bank of Ireland is committed to making sure that cash continues to be readily available as a means of payment. Today’s consultation is an important step towards the implementation of the Central Bank’s new responsibilities under the Access to Cash leg...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland has launched a public consultation on implementing new **Access to Cash** responsibilities under the Finance (Provision of Access to Cash Infrastructure) Act 2025, which commenced on 30 June 2025. This consultation addresses two critical areas: identifying local deficiencies in cash infrastructure and establishing minimum ATM service standards. The initiative reflects regulatory commitment to ensuring cash remains readily available as payment preferences shift toward digital channels.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditPayments & E-Money
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductOperational Resilience / OutsourcingReporting & Disclosure
BankPayment Provider
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

The Macrofinancial effects of climate change in Ireland: What have we learned? – Speech by Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros

Good morning everyone. 1 I am delighted to join you here today for this year’s Climate Finance week. “The scientific evidence that climate change is a serious and urgent issue is […] compelling.” “The benefits of strong, early action on climate change outweigh the costs.” And “the choices made in the next 10-20 years […] will affect greenhouse gas emissions for the next half-century.” These are not my words. And they are not recent words. They are key conclusions from the Stern Review on the ...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementInsurance & Pensions
Topics:
ESGPrudential / Capital RequirementsReporting & Disclosure
BankAsset ManagerInsurance
View Original
🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement high

The Central Bank takes enforcement action against Coinbase Europe Limited for anti-money laundering failures

The Central Bank of Ireland has fined Coinbase Europe Limited €21,464,734 for breaching its anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing transaction monitoring obligations between 2021 and 2025. The Central Bank of Ireland (the Central Bank) has fined Coinbase Europe Limited (Coinbase Europe) €21,464,734 for breaching its anti-money laundering (AML) and combatting terrorist financing (CFT) obligations with respect to transaction monitoring as required by the Criminal Justice (Money L...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) fined Coinbase Europe Limited €21,464,734 for AML/CFT transaction monitoring failures under the Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) Act 2010 (CJA 2010), involving over 30 million unmonitored transactions worth €176 billion from April 2021 to March 2025. This marks CBI's first enforcement against a crypto firm, highlighting regulators' focus on robust real-time monitoring and timely Suspicious Transaction Reporting (STR) for virtual asset service providers (VASPs). It matters as it sets a precedent for EU crypto compliance amid MiCA and AMLA implementation, signaling increased scrutiny and potential multimillion-euro penalties for similar lapses.

Sectors:
Payments & E-MoneyCrypto & Digital Assets
Topics:
AML / Financial Crime
Crypto ExchangeFintechPayment Provider
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🇮🇪 CBI Warning high

Deutsche Bank Wealth Management (CLONE) / Deutsche Bank AG (CLONE) / DB UK Bank Limited (CLONE) - Central Bank of Ireland Issues Warning on Unauthorised Firm

Deutsche Bank Wealth Management (CLONE) / Deutsche Bank AG (CLONE) / DB UK Bank Limited (CLONE) - Central Bank of Ireland Issues Warning on Unauthorised Firm

Sectors:
Banking & CreditWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
AML / Financial CrimeConsumer Protection / ConductAuthorisation & Licensing
BankWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Monument Financial Group - Central Bank of Ireland Issues Warning on Unauthorised Firm

Warning Unauthorised Investment Firm / Unauthorised Investment Business Firm Unauthorised Firm Name Monument Financial Group Website https://monumentfg.com/ Email addresses used admin@monumentfg.com [name].[surname]@monumentfg.com Phone number used +353 81 800 5284 Authorisation in Ireland This firm is not authorised to provide investment services in Ireland. Notes: Any person wishing to contact the Central Bank with information regarding such firms / persons may telephone (01) 224 5800 or re...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) has issued a warning notice under section 53 of the Central Bank (Supervision and Enforcement) Act 2013, identifying **Monument Financial Group** as an unauthorised firm providing investment services in Ireland without authorisation. This matters for compliance professionals because it underscores the CBI's proactive enforcement against unauthorised activity, heightens scam awareness, and signals risks of consumer harm, regulatory referrals to An Garda Síochána, and potential enforcement against facilitating parties.[https://www.centralbank.ie/news/article/monument-financial-group---central-bank-of-ireland-issues-warning-on-unauthorised-firm]

Sectors:
Investment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Authorisation & LicensingConsumer Protection / Conduct
Wealth ManagerAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

ECB Interest Rates

At our meeting yesterday, the ECB’s Governing Council cut our three policy rates by 25 basis points (or, one quarter of a percent). The disinflation process remains on track, allowing us to reduce rates. However, with some components of inflation still too high for comfort – notably, services inflation – I continue to favour a gradual reduction in rates over large moves. As policy rates fall, we should see a reduction in the costs of borrowing for households and firms. We are already seeing s...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsConsumer Protection / ConductReporting & Disclosure
BankAsset ManagerWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

The tangle of ageing populations and productivity growth - Governor Gabriel Makhlouf at Society of Professional Economists

Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland Gabriel Makhlouf today (25 November) addressed the UK Society of Professional Economists annual dinner . Speaking this evening, Governor Makhlouf said: “Europe is at a pivotal moment in its economic development. The tangle of ageing populations with weak productivity growth raise questions about the long-term growth outlook. The need to build economic resilience to both short-term shocks and longer-term transitions become self-evident by the day. Produc...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / OutsourcingTechnology & Cyber
BankWealth ManagerAsset Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

Central Bank publishes Flood Protection Gap Report

The Central Bank of Ireland has today (Monday 14 October) published its Flood Protection Gap Report . Some homes and businesses in Ireland are unable to obtain flood cover. This means that when a flood occurs, there can be a shortfall between the actual cost of the flood and the portion of that cost that is covered by insurance. This is the flood protection gap. The occurrence of severe flooding could and does leave households and business with high levels of uninsured losses, and may create ...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInsurance & PensionsConsumer Credit
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsESGReporting & Disclosure
BankInsuranceAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Consultation medium

Central Bank publishes feedback statement on macroprudential policy for investment funds

The Central Bank of Ireland has today (Tuesday 23 July) published a Feedback Statement to the Discussion Paper on an approach to macroprudential policy for investment funds.

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) published a Feedback Statement on 23 July 2024 summarizing stakeholder responses to its Discussion Paper (DP11) on developing a macroprudential policy framework for investment funds, emphasizing the sector's growth and systemic risks. This matters for compliance professionals as it signals ongoing domestic and international efforts to enhance fund resilience amid rapid expansion of non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI), with Ireland's funds sector reaching €6.2 trillion in assets by end-2022. No immediate new rules are imposed, but it underscores evaluation of existing measures and future policy evolution.

Sectors:
Investment ManagementCapital Markets & Trading
Topics:
Prudential / Capital Requirements
Asset ManagerHedge Fund
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🇮🇪 CBI Consultation high

Central Bank of Ireland introduces macroprudential measures for Irish-authorised GBP-denominated LDI funds

The Central Bank of Ireland has today (29 April 2024) announced the introduction of macroprudential measures for Irish-authorised GBP-denominated Liability Driven Investment (LDI) funds. Building on the recent Consultation Paper “Macroprudential measures for GBP Liability Driven Investment funds”, the measures require that GBP-denominated LDI funds authorised in Ireland maintain sufficient resilience to be able to withstand a sudden and adverse shocks to UK interest rates.

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) introduced binding macroprudential measures on 29 April 2024 requiring Irish-authorised GBP-denominated Liability Driven Investment (LDI) funds to maintain a minimum **300 basis point yield buffer** to withstand adverse UK interest rate shocks. This regulatory intervention directly addresses systemic risks exposed during the September-October 2022 UK gilt market crisis, where excessive leverage in LDI funds amplified financial stress across markets.

Sectors:
Investment ManagementCapital Markets & TradingWealth & Private Banking
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsAuthorisation & LicensingOperational Resilience / Outsourcing
Asset ManagerHedge FundWealth Manager
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

“Review of the Consumer Protection Code: securing customers’ interests” - Remarks by Gerry Cross, Director of Financial Regulation – Policy & Risk at Insurance Ireland - KPMG Briefing Session

“Review of the Consumer Protection Code: securing customers’ interests” - Remarks by Gerry Cross, Director of Financial Regulation – Policy & Risk, Central Bank of Ireland at Insurance Ireland - KPMG Briefing Session: CBI Review of the Consumer Protection Code

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInsurance & Pensions
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductPrudential / Capital Requirements
BankInsurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Central Bank of Ireland Issues Warning on Unauthorised Firm – Fraudulent entity clones authorised firm SEI Investments

It has come to the attention of the Central Bank that a scam entity by the name SEI Investment (United States, Ireland), formerly operating the fraudulent clone website www.seiinvestment.com, has been claiming to be an investment firm / investment business firm in the absence of appropriate authorisations. In this instance, the scam entity cloned details and website content of the legitimate firm, SEI Investments (www.seic.com), in order to deceive consumers. The legitimate firm was proactive...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) issued a warning on 26 September 2022 about a fraudulent entity named "SEI Investment (United States, Ireland)" that cloned the legitimate authorised firm SEI Investments (www.seic.com) via the fake website www.seiinvestment.com to deceive consumers into unauthorised investment services. This matters because it highlights the rising threat of clone firm scams, which impersonate authorised entities using stolen details like names, addresses, and authorisation numbers, exposing firms to reputational risk and consumers to financial loss without Investor Compensation Scheme protection. Authorised firms must remain vigilant in monitoring for clones and reporting them promptly, as demonstrated by SEI Investments' proactive response that led to the site's deactivation in February 2022.

Sectors:
Investment ManagementWealth & Private BankingBanking & Credit
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductAML / Financial CrimeAuthorisation & Licensing
Asset ManagerWealth ManagerBank
All Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Central Bank implements new Insurance Regulations

Ban on price walking in motor and home insurance comes into effect on 1 July 2022. New customer discounts not affected. For automatic renewals, better information and reminders to be provided to encourage switching. The Central Bank of Ireland has today published the Central Bank (Supervision and Enforcement) Act 2013 (Section 48(1)) (Insurance Requirements) Regulations 2022 which will apply to insurance undertakings and insurance intermediaries from 1 July 2022. The Central Bank identified d...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) published the Central Bank (Supervision and Enforcement) Act 2013 (Section 48(1)) (Insurance Requirements) Regulations 2022 on 15 March 2022, banning price walking in motor and home insurance from 1 July 2022 to eliminate loyalty penalties for renewing customers while preserving new customer discounts and competition. This matters for compliance professionals as it imposes immediate prohibitions on differential pricing, mandatory annual reviews, enhanced renewal disclosures, and record-keeping, with CBI emphasizing ongoing oversight to ensure fair consumer outcomes.

Effective Date: 1 July 2022
Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Consumer Protection / Conduct
Insurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement low

Central Bank publishes three Behind the Data papers examining the international activities of the Irish financial sector

Recent increase in cross-border financial assets is largely due to migration of assets from UK banks to subsidiaries in Ireland, to continue to serve EU clients after Brexit. Paper examining the strength of the connectedness of Irish insurance sector and investment funds finds insurers primarily hold shares in equity, bond, and mixed funds. The Irish non-bank financial intermediation sector – as measured using a Financial Stability Board framework - is the fifth largest in the world. The Cent...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) published three "Behind the Data" papers on 20 January 2022 analyzing the international activities of Ireland's banking, insurance, investment funds, and non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI) sectors, highlighting post-Brexit asset migrations, insurer exposures via funds, and Ireland's fifth-largest global NBFI sector per FSB metrics. This matters for compliance professionals as it signals heightened CBI scrutiny on cross-border exposures, interconnectedness, and data granularity needs, potentially informing future supervisory expectations, macro-prudential policies, and reporting enhancements without imposing immediate rules.

Sectors:
Banking & CreditInvestment ManagementInsurance & Pensions
Topics:
Reporting & DisclosurePrudential / Capital Requirements
BankAsset ManagerInsurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

“Insurance firms require strong customer-focused cultures and Central Bank will intervene on practices unfair or potentially unfair to consumers” – Director General Derville Rowland

Differential Pricing and Business Interruption Insurance demonstrate Central Bank’s focus on conduct, culture and customer treatment Over €130 million paid in business interruption insurance claims to date Insurance sector needs to be prepared for the challenges ahead including digitisation and climate change Speaking at the Deloitte 2022 Insurance Industry Trends event Director General, Financial Conduct Derville Rowland discussed the position of the insurance sector in Ireland, the effect o...

Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductPrudential / Capital RequirementsOperational Resilience / Outsourcing
Insurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Remarks by Director General, Financial Conduct Derville Rowland at the Deloitte Global Insurance Webinar

Remarks by Director General, Financial Conduct Derville Rowland at the Deloitte Global Insurance Webinar Good morning everybody and thank you to Deloitte for the invitation to speak at this webinar. Some people think of insurance as a relatively modern financial concept. But of course, as the insurance experts in this audience know, its origins can be traced all the way back to certain kinds of shipping loans in Babylon, through Ancient Rome and Greece, and into Medieval Europe. In the 17 th ...

Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Consumer Protection / ConductPrudential / Capital RequirementsSenior Managers / Governance
Insurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement low

Central Bank proposes to end the loyalty penalty for private car and home insurance customers

Review finds that differential pricing practices can result in unfair outcomes for some consumers Proposal to ban the practice of ‘price walking’ to end the loyalty penalty for consumers who do not switch insurance provider regularly Proposals will ensure that new business discounts are still available to allow consumers to seek the best prices, while ensuring that those who remain with the same insurance provider are not penalized The Central Bank is proposing to ban the practice of price wa...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) proposes banning "price walking" in private car and home insurance to eliminate the loyalty penalty, where long-term customers pay significantly higher premiums (14% more for car, 32% more for home after 9 years) than new customers with similar risk profiles. This stems from a 2021 review finding differential pricing unfair to loyal or less mobile consumers, with regulations finalized and effective from 1 July 2022, confirmed effective in subsequent reviews. It matters as it enforces fair treatment under CBI's consumer protection mandate, requiring insurers to overhaul pricing models while preserving new customer discounts to maintain competition.

Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Consumer Protection / Conduct
Insurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Speech medium

“Thriving in Challenging Times” - Central Bank Insurance Conference

Insurance conference explores challenges facing the insurance industry Introduction of proposed judicial guidelines on personal injury claims would bring stability to the cost of insurance Solvency II review in 2020 to ensure continued protection of policyholders and beneficiaries The Central Bank hosted a conference for the insurance industry today with the theme “ Thriving in Challenging Times ”. The conference brought together domestic and international thought-leaders and policy makers to...

Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsConsumer Protection / Conduct
Insurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement medium

Enforcement Action: RSA Insurance Ireland DAC fined €3.5m

The Central Bank of Ireland imposes a fine of €3,500,000 on RSA Insurance Ireland DAC for regulatory breaches relating to large loss claims and accounting irregularities On the 18 December 2018, the Central Bank of Ireland (the “ Central Bank ”) reprimanded and fined RSA Insurance Ireland DAC (“ RSAII ” or the “ Firm ”) €3,500,000 in respect of serious breaches relating to the following: Failure to establish and maintain Technical Reserves in respect of all underwriting liabilities assumed by...

AI Analysis

The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) fined RSA Insurance Ireland DAC (RSAII) €3.5 million in December 2018 for serious breaches involving failure to maintain adequate technical reserves, inadequate internal controls and accounting procedures, and weak governance, stemming from deliberate under-reserving of large loss claims from 2009 to 2013, which understated reserves by €78.2 million as of 30 September 2013. This enforcement action underscores the CBI's zero-tolerance stance on reserving practices that risk policyholder protection and financial stability, highlighting how governance failures enabled manipulation and led to a significant capital injection for RSAII. It matters for compliance professionals as it demonstrates ongoing CBI scrutiny, with related actions against individuals like former CEO Philip Smith (13-year disqualification in 2025) and a former actuary (5-year prohibition).

Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsSenior Managers / GovernanceReporting & Disclosure
Insurance
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🇮🇪 CBI News

New Data Series: Insurance Data – Solvency and Financial Condition Reports

The Central Bank of Ireland has today published a consolidated view of publically available data for insurance and reinsurance firms. Under new Solvency II regulations, firms must provide public disclosures. The public disclosures take the form of a Solvency and Financial Condition Report (SFCR), which firms produce on an annual basis. All Individual SFCRs from firms regulated by the Central Bank are available in a dedicated repository on the Central Bank’s website . This year the Central Ban...

Sectors:
Insurance & Pensions
Topics:
Prudential / Capital RequirementsReporting & Disclosure
Insurance
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🇮🇪 CBI Consultation high

Credit Reports now available

Following a satisfactory review of the data submitted by banks and credit unions, to the Central Credit Register, the initial enquiry phase has now commenced. This means that from today borrowers and lenders can request a copy of credit reports from the Central Credit Register. Data on mortgages, personal loans, credit cards and overdrafts, which is backdated to 30 June 2017, is live on the system and is incorporated into credit reports. From 30 September 2018 it will be compulsory for credit...

Sectors:
Banking & CreditConsumer CreditMortgage & Lending
Topics:
Reporting & DisclosureConsumer Protection / ConductAuthorisation & Licensing
BankPayment ProviderAll Firms
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🇮🇪 CBI Enforcement low

Address by Professor Cormac O'Grada, School of Economics, UCD, to the Central Bank Whitaker Lecture

Five Crises Ábhar mór bróid dom an léacht seo a thabhairt in onóir an Dochtúra T.K. Whitaker. Agus mar bharr ar sin, é bheith i láthair anocht. It is a great honour to be asked to deliver this lecture in honour of Dr. Ken Whitaker, all the more so in his presence. Go maire sé an céad! Or even better, as the Yiddish saying goes, ‘biz hundert un tsvantsik’. Economic crises often prompt us to look backwards and, perhaps, to seek solace in parallels and precedents in the past. Just as rising unem...

AI Analysis

This 2011 Whitaker Lecture by Professor Cormac O'Grada, hosted by the Central Bank of Ireland (CBI), is an academic speech analyzing five historical economic crises in Ireland, including the Economic War, WWII Emergency, 1950s downturn, and others, to contextualize the post-2008 financial crisis. It lacks any regulatory changes, enforcement actions, or compliance mandates, serving instead as reflective economic history rather than a binding publication. Compliance professionals need not action it directly, but it offers historical perspective on crisis resilience relevant to risk management and governance discussions.

Sectors:
Banking & Credit
Topics:
Prudential / Capital Requirements
Bank
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