Good morning and welcome to the launch of our first Financial Stability Review of 2026 . During 2026, risks facing the domestic financial system from the global environment have intensified. In 2025, the origin of external risks related primarily to swings in global trade policy. This year, the origin relates to the pricing, and the sustainability of global energy supplies, following the start of the war in the Middle East. This shock, coming less than a year after the previous trade shock, a...
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Risks to Ireland's financial system from the global environment have intensified, Central Bank of Ireland has said today. The Financial Stability Review , published today, assesses the risks to and resilience of the Irish financial system. A persistent global energy supply shock triggered by the conflict in the Middle East, the risk of a correction in financial markets, potentially amplified by financial vulnerabilities in parts of the global non-bank sector, and increasing cyber risks could ...
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Good afternoon and thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today. It is great to see the energy and commitment to the credit union movement evident here today and reflected in your agenda for today’s conference. 1 Today’s event is especially timely, coming not long since Minister Troy’s announcement in April of the Credit Union Strategy Project, which provides an opportunity to future proof the credit union sector to overcome challenges and meet opportunities. The Central Bank welcomes ...
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Governor of Central Bank of Ireland Gabriel Makhlouf today (Tuesday 19 th May) spoke at the AFME Annual European Financial Integration conference , where he called for a more ambitious approach to Europe’s Single Market, arguing that greater integration in goods, services and capital is essential to enhance European competitiveness and resilience. The Governor outlined two primary conditions for building a genuine single capital market: completing the regulatory architecture and establishing ...
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Thank you for the invitation to speak this afternoon. I want to talk about the Single Market, which is one of Europe's greatest political and economic achievements. Over more than three decades, it has been an engine of European growth and resilience, delivering scale, opportunity, and tangible benefits for citizens and businesses across the Union. As António Costa has pointed out, it connects 450 million consumers and 32 million companies, supporting around 56 million jobs through trade with...
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Central Bank of Ireland has made the memoir of former Governor T.K. Whitaker available digitally for the first time. While the memoir has been available for in-person viewing in the Central Bank's archives, it is now accessible online at www.centralbank.ie , allowing a wider audience to engage with this important historical document. The publication of T.K. Whitaker's Memoir : Central Bank and Government, 1969-1976 marks 110 years since T.K. Whitaker’s birth and 50 years since the end of his ...
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Central Bank loan-level research shows the Irish lending market is significantly less concentrated when considering the full diversity of lenders. Robust capital and liquidity positions have served the sector well – with the evidence not supporting a lowering of overall levels of resilience on the basis of bank credit, profitability or international competitiveness. Central Banks best serve these broader objectives related to productivity and growth by delivering on their core mandates, effec...
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I was in Washington for the Spring Meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) two weeks ago and this week I was in Frankfurt at the latest meeting of the ECB Governing Council, to decide interest rates to achieve our price stability target of 2 per cent inflation over the medium term. I wanted to use this blog to offer some reflections on both meetings. Inevitably the war in the Middle East cast a shadow over both meetings. Uncertainty about the global outlook dominated the discourse: ...
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A financial stability assessment of Irish hedge funds concludes that the diversity of the sector, and its modest market footprint, limit systemic vulnerabilities. A separate assessment focused on open-ended funds shows that the availability of tools to manage liquidity is now widespread, but with further scope to increase use. Strengthening the financial stability lens in the regulation of the non-bank sector has been – and continues to be – a priority for the Central Bank. Speaking at an Iri...
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Good morning. I am delighted to join you here this morning – and thank you to Irish Funds for organising this event. 1 As you know, a key part of our job at the Central Bank of Ireland is to focus on ‘tail risks’. Not just what we expect will happen, but what could happen. And the range of possible outcomes that could happen has recently widened considerably. What might have been considered close to unthinkable a few years ago, is no longer so. Unpredictable geopolitical developments – includ...
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Good morning. Ongoing events in the Middle East are a stark reminder of the challenges policy makers face in a world increasingly characterised by geoeconomic fragmentation. For central banks tasked with preserving price stability, supply shocks pose both analytical and strategic challenges: understanding their persistence, their impacts on supply chains, and their effects on inflation and growth; and determining how to respond when supply and demand move in opposite directions. My speech tod...
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Good morning and welcome to Central Bank of Ireland. Thank you for joining us for this inaugural gathering of the Savings and Investment Forum. I want to extend a particular welcome to the Tánaiste. Today marks an important milestone. The Department of Finance's 2024 Funds Review recognised the importance of enabling more retail investment in Ireland. It recommended establishing this Forum to address that challenge and today provides a timely opportunity to do so. Let me place this initiative...
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In his remarks, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf emphasised that Europe must mobilise its substantial savings by strengthening economic growth, completing the Single Market, and building more integrated capital markets, as capital currently flows abroad due to perceived higher returns elsewhere. He argued that central banks must anchor price stability and financial stability as preconditions for effective capital allocation, and that by addressing these fundamentals, European savings will naturally ...
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Role of Non-Bank Entities in the Irish Housing Market regarding residential mortgages Go raibh maith agat a Chathaoirligh agus gabhaim buíochas leis an gcoiste as ucht an cuireadh a bheith anseo inniú. I am joined by my colleagues Domhnall Cullinan, Director of Banking and Payments, and Aisling Menton, Head of Retail Credit and we welcome the opportunity to continue this important discussion on the role of non-bank entities in the Irish mortgage market. As outlined in updated figures we publi...
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The Central Bank of Ireland has today (24 February) published its first quarterly Access to Cash report . The Finance (Provision of Access to Cash Infrastructure) Act 2025 has put in place a framework to ensure sufficient and effective access to cash across the State. Today’s report uses newly collected data to show the number, location and opening hours of ATMs and cash service points across eight geographical regions in Ireland, as of 31 December 2025. The Minister for Finance set the acces...
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Gabriel Makhlouf, Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, today delivered a keynote address at the Blavatnik School of Government, outlining the critical role of central bank independence in delivering price stability and supporting economic prosperity for society. Speaking on “Institutions, Anchors, and Their Discontents: The Role of Central Banks”, Governor Makhlouf highlighted how central bank independence, underpinned by clear mandates and robust accountability frameworks, enables moneta...
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Central Bank of Ireland Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros spoke at Technological University Dublin on the need to increase domestic investment over the next decade to support Ireland’s long-term economic success. Looking back, Deputy Governor Madouros discussed how, despite very strong economic growth, investment in key domestic sectors has been relatively subdued over the past decade. Looking ahead, like many other countries, Ireland is facing profound economic and societal shifts in years ...
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Over the course of the next decade, we will need to allocate more of our collective resources towards domestic investment. 1 In part, that is because of where we are coming from. Despite very strong economic growth in recent years, investment in key domestic sectors has been lacklustre. But it is also because of where are going. Ireland, like many other countries, is facing profound structural transitions. Navigating these will require additional investment in the years ahead. Raising Ireland...
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The Central Bank of Ireland has set out its regulatory and supervisory priorities for 2026 and provided detailed advice to Government on building economic resilience in the face of unprecedented uncertainty. In his letter to the Tánaiste and Minister for Finance Simon Harris, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf set out his views on the macro-financial environment, the financial services landscape and the Central Bank of Ireland’s financial regulation priorities for the year ahead . Governor Makhlouf em...
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In his latest blog, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf argues that economists must adapt their analytical frameworks and expand their focus beyond traditional topics to address emerging challenges—such as geopolitical upheaval and defence spending—in order to provide robust evidence-based policy advice that serves the public interest.
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Economics Winter Workshop 2025: Opening Remarks by Governor Gabriel Makhlouf
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Good evening. Thank you for the invitation to join you today. This evening I want to talk about economic resilience, what it is and whether we have enough of it. I spoke about economic resilience in my first speech as Governor – 6 years ago – and wrote to the Minister for Finance about it in early February this year. After everything that’s happened since February, it feels timely to take stock of where we are. My conclusion is that we need to give it greater focus. Let me start by setting ou...
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Good morning and welcome everyone. I am delighted to address the eighth meeting of this Forum. When the Forum was established three years ago, the goal was to bring together participants from across Ireland to build a shared approach to understanding and managing the systemic risks that climate change poses, while supporting the orderly transition of households and businesses to the net zero objective that we’re all familiar with. The Forum has come a long way in those three years. We have es...
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Good morning everyone. 1 I am delighted to join you here today for this year’s Climate Finance week. “The scientific evidence that climate change is a serious and urgent issue is […] compelling.” “The benefits of strong, early action on climate change outweigh the costs.” And “the choices made in the next 10-20 years […] will affect greenhouse gas emissions for the next half-century.” These are not my words. And they are not recent words. They are key conclusions from the Stern Review on the ...
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At our meeting yesterday, the ECB’s Governing Council cut our three policy rates by 25 basis points (or, one quarter of a percent). The disinflation process remains on track, allowing us to reduce rates. However, with some components of inflation still too high for comfort – notably, services inflation – I continue to favour a gradual reduction in rates over large moves. As policy rates fall, we should see a reduction in the costs of borrowing for households and firms. We are already seeing s...
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Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland Gabriel Makhlouf today (25 November) addressed the UK Society of Professional Economists annual dinner . Speaking this evening, Governor Makhlouf said: “Europe is at a pivotal moment in its economic development. The tangle of ageing populations with weak productivity growth raise questions about the long-term growth outlook. The need to build economic resilience to both short-term shocks and longer-term transitions become self-evident by the day. Produc...
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The Central Bank of Ireland has today (Monday 14 October) published its Flood Protection Gap Report . Some homes and businesses in Ireland are unable to obtain flood cover. This means that when a flood occurs, there can be a shortfall between the actual cost of the flood and the portion of that cost that is covered by insurance. This is the flood protection gap. The occurrence of severe flooding could and does leave households and business with high levels of uninsured losses, and may create ...
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“Review of the Consumer Protection Code: securing customers’ interests” - Remarks by Gerry Cross, Director of Financial Regulation – Policy & Risk, Central Bank of Ireland at Insurance Ireland - KPMG Briefing Session: CBI Review of the Consumer Protection Code
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Differential Pricing and Business Interruption Insurance demonstrate Central Bank’s focus on conduct, culture and customer treatment Over €130 million paid in business interruption insurance claims to date Insurance sector needs to be prepared for the challenges ahead including digitisation and climate change Speaking at the Deloitte 2022 Insurance Industry Trends event Director General, Financial Conduct Derville Rowland discussed the position of the insurance sector in Ireland, the effect o...
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Insurance conference explores challenges facing the insurance industry Introduction of proposed judicial guidelines on personal injury claims would bring stability to the cost of insurance Solvency II review in 2020 to ensure continued protection of policyholders and beneficiaries The Central Bank hosted a conference for the insurance industry today with the theme “ Thriving in Challenging Times ”. The conference brought together domestic and international thought-leaders and policy makers to...
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